<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u00e1ng 4\/1994, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i\n\u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111e d\u1ecda, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n\nVi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean h\u00e0ng nguy c\u01a1, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nguy c\u01a1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong B\u00e1o\nc\u00e1o Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (kh\u00f3a VII) t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u\nto\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X sang \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XI c\u0169ng nh\u01b0\ntrong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3ng, t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\nqu\u1ed1c gia nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y. Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam 2005, di\u1ec5n\nbi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cDi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\n\u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c,\nth\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\nc\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phi t\u01b0\nb\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c DBHB l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ed9i dung\nc\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7<\/em> ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1<\/em> c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb,\nt\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v.v\u2026 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o\nd\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed1i\nph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo\ncon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng\nb\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a George F. Kennan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn<\/em> (containment) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i<\/em> (rollback).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1946, George F. Kennan, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i giao\nl\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean S\u00f4, g\u1edfi B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch\nqua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn d\u00e0i 5.500 ch\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\nti\u1ebft quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Stalin v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a\nLi\u00ean S\u00f4 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a\nch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng\n\u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 c\u1edf\ntr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a George Kennan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn (containment).<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i (rollback) c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng\ns\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i b\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c\ngia C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean S\u00f4 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t cho l\u00fd\nthuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 John Foster Dulles. Trong l\u00fac l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ng\u0103n\nch\u1eb7n n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. Hai l\u00fd\nthuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh,\nt\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\n\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 George\nKennan v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Dean Acheson d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Harry Truman \u1ee7ng\nh\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 John Foster Dulles.\nTrong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 15 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1953, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Dulles\nph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cCh\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb n\u00f4\nl\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i\nph\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i\nph\u00f3ng\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n John Foster Dulles (1888-1959) gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i\ngiao d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Dwight D. Eisenhower t\u1eeb 1953 \u0111\u1ebfn 1959. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\nch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9ng\nr\u1eafn trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Trung C\u1ed9ng\nv\u00e0 Li\u00ean S\u00f4. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Geneva 1954, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1eaft tay Ngo\u1ea1i\ntr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung C\u1ed9ng Chu \u00c2n Lai. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Dulles d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi\ngian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i Minh \u01af\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (NATO) nh\u1eb1m ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh\ntr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft sang T\u00e2y \u00c2u. T\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f4ng, Dulles v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u1ed5 Ch\u1ee9c\nLi\u00ean Ph\u00f2ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (SEATO). Dulles c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\n\u201cb\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d (brinkmanship) v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t (massive retaliation)\n\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ti\u00eau hao t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\ntr\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u1edbi Trung C\u1ed9ng, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng John Foster Dulles\nc\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ra m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0\n\u201chi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea5u\u201d. Trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n v\u0103n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u 1957, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u201chi\u1ec7n\nt\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u201d. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 8\/1958, trong m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed,\nB\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n John Foster Dulles x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\nt\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5<\/em>\u201d.\nNg\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi 1958, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e0i BBC, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng\nDulles ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi\nquan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn an sinh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, \u201cC\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\nNga kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch\nquan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Dulles th\u00e0nh \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d. <\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh\nh\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 x\u1ea5u d\u1ea7n theo gi\u1eefa Trung C\u1ed9ng\nv\u1edbi Li\u00ean S\u00f4, \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/em> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Mao\nTr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng. Theo h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1c Nh\u1ea5t Ba (\u8584\u4e00\u6ce2), m\u1ed9t trong B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t T\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng\nS\u1ea3n Trung Hoa, nguy\u00ean \u1ee6y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb ki\u00eam Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y Ban Kinh T\u1ebf Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc,\nMao tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a Dulles \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u\nqu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft qua vi\u1ec7c Khrushchev ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cs\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d\nv\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c b\u00e1o H\u1ed3ng K\u1ef3 <\/em>v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n<\/em> \u0111\u0103ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t\nc\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Khrushchev ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng\nt\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y\nra t\u1ea1i Trung C\u1ed9ng. Mao \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ngo\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng\nDulles t\u1eebng ch\u1eef m\u1ed9t. Vi\u1ec7c Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cBa ng\u1ecdn\nc\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf\u201d t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb L\u01b0 San c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho Mao nghi ng\u1edd th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a\ndi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111ang ph\u00e1t sinh ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c.\nC\u0169ng theo B\u1ea1c Nh\u1ea5t Ba , th\u00e1ng 11 1959, Mao tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\nthu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y Mao ra l\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 k\u00fd in\nv\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham d\u1ef1 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp ba di\u1ec5n v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a\nNgo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Dulles. Ba di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f4ng<\/em> (Policy\nfor the Far East) \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Ph\u00f2ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i California ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 12, 1958, B\u1ea3n\n\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee6y Ban Ngo\u1ea1i Giao H\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3<\/em> ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1958,\nv\u00e0 b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong Th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh<\/em> (The Role of\nLaw in Peace) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed9i Lu\u1eadt S\u01b0 New York ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1959.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 hung b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\nlo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1964, Mao nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a\ndi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean S\u00f4: \u201cCh\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7\nngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, Trung C\u1ed9ng\nv\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 \u0111ang m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh\nch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e1i\nl\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 phe x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>\u201d. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi\ngian t\u1eeb 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn 1967, Mao t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\nx\u00e9t l\u1ea1i S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 thanh tr\u1eebng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed y cho l\u00e0 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\nTrung Hoa, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ebf B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng \u201c\ndi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y Mao v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh tr\u1eebng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u\ntrong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng Mao \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd do\nch\u1ed1ng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng y trong b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng\ntrong quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0\nti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh, ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. \u0110\u00fang\nnh\u01b0 John Foster Dulles nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, sau khi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111am m\u00ea l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\ns\u1eaft m\u00e1u ra \u0111i, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi gia t\u00e0i\nb\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o hay\nph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh\nc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng giai c\u1ea5p, l\u00e0m theo\nn\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edfng theo nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc bong b\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc sau c\u01a1n m\u01b0a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.\nTuy m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u1eadm kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 thu\u1eadn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung\nc\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t x\u1ea3y ra. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u Frank\nChinh, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ecdn \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a\nh\u1ecd\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Mao, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn\nh\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/em> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c Mao, y bi\u1ebft di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Th\u00e1ng\n11\/1989, h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y: \u201cC\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\nm\u1ed9t th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i s\u00fang. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a\nc\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a sang t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>\u201d. \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Giang Tr\u1ea1ch\nD\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7\nth\u1ee9 ba, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. Khi n\u00e0o th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 gi\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng,\ns\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft h\u1ebft, ai b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\ndi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh?<\/em>\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d, <\/em>c\u00e1c\nch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Giang Tr\u1ea1ch D\u00e2n\nk\u1ebf t\u1ee5c qua ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ba \u0110\u1ea1i Di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh b\u1edfi\nv\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh n\u00f3i \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0103n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Li\u00ean S\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, sau khi Leonid Brezhnev ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng\n11\/982, Yuri Andropov n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai n\u0103m c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft\nv\u00ec b\u1ecbnh suy th\u1eadn giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho Konstantin Chernenko. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Konstantin\nChernenko \u0111\u00e3 71 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111ang b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 3\/1985, vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed\nth\u01b0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y theo g\u00f3t Leonid Brezhnev v\u00e0 Yuri Andropov v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi M\u00e1c.\nV\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Andrey Gromyko, B\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i Giao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch\ns\u1eed S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf l\u1edbn\nn\u00e0o. Trong l\u00fac h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\n1917, Gorbachev sinh ra trong th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng mang trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng l\u00fd\nl\u1ecbch v\u00e0o t\u00f9 ra kh\u00e1m n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi gian theo h\u1ecdc\nLu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Moscow. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i 54, Gorbachev l\u00e0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i\nnh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean S\u00f4. Th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1987, c\u00e1c C\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 kinh\nt\u1ebf<\/em> (Perestroika) v\u00e0 C\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> (glasnost) t\u1ea1i S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft\nb\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11\/1991, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean S\u00f4 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n CSVN v\u00e0 \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong> Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.\n\u00d4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i ca chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng 30 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 1975 \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i\nai \u0111i\u1ebfu. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, hy sinh x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.\n\u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n s\u1edbm ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam mai sau ch\u1eebng\n\u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft b\u00e1m v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a\nTr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng. Gi\u00e1o S\u01b0 Carl Thayer ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi BBC sau ng\u00e0y\n\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch qua \u0111\u1eddi: \u201cCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trung\nQu\u1ed1c, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i\ntheo \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, theo t\u00f4i, th\u00ec v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. V\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u00f4ng\nTr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u00ec c\u1ea3,\nv\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u0103ng l\u00ean, s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 h\u00e0 hi\u1ebfp h\u1ecd c\u0169ng\nt\u0103ng l\u00ean. Do v\u1eady Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111i sau trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng\nmu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi Leonid Abalkinm, c\u1ed1\nv\u1ea5n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Gorbachev: \u201c\u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\nth\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1989 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng\nBerlin \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: \u201dD\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ban\n\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch\nl\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ban ph\u00e1t, do t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\nn\u00e0y hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kia. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a l\u00e0 kh\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a\nto\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00ean k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb hai v\u1ea5n\n\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, x\u1ea9y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0\nth\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ee5c v\u1ee1. C\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc coi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\nkinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhanh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec ch\u1ea7m ch\u1eadm c\u0169ng b\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec7n. C\u00f3\nn\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee5c to. C\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m c\u1ea3\nhai, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng,\nkh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n sau, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5p t\u1ec3nh \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0169ng v\u00ec \u201ct\u1ea5p t\u1ec3nh \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 sau 25 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, Vi\u1ec7t\nNam v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm so v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong\nv\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia, \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i chi l\u00e0 Singapore, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c.\nNh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u1eebng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi\nth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf nhoi so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng\nc\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea 2010 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Minh B\u1ea1ch Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf (Transparency\nInternational), Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng 116 trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 178 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m\nd\u00f2 v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n 2.7 tr\u00ean 10, c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi Ethiopia, Tanzania,\nGuyana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee5c kho\u00e9t b\u00ean trong, l\u00e3nh\n\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb\nb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Bi\u1ec3n\n\u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay g\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh trong\nkhu v\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o\nv\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hay l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u00e9m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea7m than\nv\u00e0o l\u00f2 thi\u00eau c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ecdng ngo\u1ea1i bang?<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb Neville Chamberlain \u0111\u1ebfn Richard Nixon, t\u1eeb Franklin\nRoosevelt \u0111\u1ebfn Herbert W. Bush, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tham v\u1ecdng\n\u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u. V\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t\nn\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u1ecf r\u01a1i hay b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh nh\u01b0 Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi\nTi\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Munich 1938, Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi Ba Lan t\u1ea1i Yalta 1944, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3\nl\u00e0m v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Paris 1973, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a\nnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean v\u00ec kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0m m\u1ed3i cho \u0111o\u00e0n k\u00ean k\u00ean S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft\nnh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Hungary 1956, Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc 1968.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e1ng 4, 2006, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i Giao CSVN Nguy\u1ec5n Dy Ni\u00ean,\ntrong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e1o ch\u00ed trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a\nb\u00ecnh: \u201cTrong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\nth\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 VN v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a\nb\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i suy di\u1ec5n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 VN nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn. VN \u0111ang\nc\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a do d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\nd\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 4 nguy c\u01a1 VN \u0111\u1ec1 ra, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec s\u1ebd\nt\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n… Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i tham\nnh\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, theo t\u00f4i, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp, ai l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u201cDi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a\nb\u00ecnh\u201d, Nguy\u1ec5n Dy Ni\u00ean tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c: \u201cC\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i ai l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn\ntr\u00fac s\u01b0 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 VN ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t\nv\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9\u2026\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Dy Ni\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u1ed9ng\ns\u1ea3n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n\nch\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\nph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i tham nh\u0169ng\u201d. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n\nt\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u00f4i. Tham nh\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng\nv\u00e0 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho tham nh\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\nc\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, tham nh\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1ed3i s\u1ecd sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eefng m\u1edb\nl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c L\u00ea l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o\nd\u00e0i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Trong d\u1ecbp m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh 2010, L\u00ea H\u00f9ng Ngh\u0129a, trong\nph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n Ngo\u1ea1i Giao, nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, trong \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec9nh\nnguy\u1ec7n Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u201cVi\u1ec7t Nam thu\nx\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed\nMinh, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh sang m\u1ed9t\n\u201cnh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d v\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7\ntr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1eefa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9\u201d nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Dy Ni\u00ean n\u00f3i, h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang s\u1eebng s\u1eefng t\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn nhanh hay ch\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 hay \u00eam \u0111\u1eb9p t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o lui. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201dchi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d hay \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean S\u00f4, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i B\u1eafc Phi, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng\nch\u1ea3y. T\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 khai tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n Hy L\u1ea1p xa x\u00f4i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc\nm\u1ed9t sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3\nch\u00ecm s\u00e2u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft phi nh\u00e2n \u0111ang b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c\nt\u00e0i s\u1eaft m\u00e1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ra \u0111i. Theo t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Freedom House, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 117 trong s\u1ed1\n191 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, tuy m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f2n \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u\nkh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c\ngia may m\u1eafn, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Nam Phi\n1994 v\u00e0 Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng 1998 l\u00e0 hai b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u0103m 1974, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ebft Nam Phi Harry Schwarz v\u00e0\nl\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 da \u0111en Mangosuthu Buthelezi c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n\nbi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c Nam Phi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c\nt\u1ea1i Nam Phi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9\nd\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nam Phi. Hai nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith t\u1ea1i Mahlabatini, KwaZulu-Natal\nng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1974. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nam Phi\nthu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi m\u00e0u da, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e2u\nd\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c\nquy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng\nc\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00eau tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7y\nkh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng 1994, nh\u00e2n\nd\u00e2n Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, sau 32 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edbng Suharto \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c\nph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c 1998. Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n s\u00e1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh\nqu\u1ed1c gia. Theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ik rarnua Bhaki, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u201cChuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn\nd\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng: Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng\u201d (The transition to democracy\nin Indonesia: some outstanding problems) trong th\u1eddi gian n\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi\nSuharto b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7, Indonesia c\u00f3 ba t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng B.J. Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid,\nand Megawati Sukarnoputri, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\nnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, t\u1ef1\ndo th\u00f4ng tin, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n\ntr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f5 trang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i\nNam D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00e0n d\u01b0\nc\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c sinh\nho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Larry\nDiamond, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, trong m\u1ee9c thang t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 10, v\u1edbi\n1 t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 10 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng tham d\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea\n\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi 7, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1ng ca ng\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u201cdi\u1ec5n\nbi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/em> nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y\ncho c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ea9y n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3\nkh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\nth\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n tr\u00ed cao l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Archie Brown, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\nOxford, Anh qu\u1ed1c, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/em>\n(The Rise And Fall Of Communism) ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 2009 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra 8 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn\nch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd do h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hay\nqu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Social Change). Theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Archie Brown,\nn\u0103m 1939 t\u1ea1i Nga ch\u1ec9 11 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc xong b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1984 t\u1ec9\nl\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn 87 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. N\u0103m 1954 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Li\u00ean S\u00f4 t\u1ed1t\nnghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1984, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 7 l\u1ea7n. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\ngi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n\nm\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trang b\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n\nh\u00f3a tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c\nt\u00e0i n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 50 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, nhi\u1ec1u\nng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1eefa, nh\u01b0\nm\u00e1u v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt, hay nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i \u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 con n\u00f2i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y\n36 n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u00f3a\nVi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng\nv\u00ec kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean, v\u00ec c\u01a1m no \u00e1o \u1ea5m. V\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o\nnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i l\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t\nVi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u0103n minh. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0\ntri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p\nph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c\nm\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\nb\u1ed3i b\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 binh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, d\u1ef1a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng an \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng\nb\u00e0o. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean S\u00f4 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m chuy\u00ean t\u1eadp\ntrung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng binh \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u0169\nkh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (The\nState Protection Authority) tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Hungary c\u00f2n\ntinh vi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan an ninh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u201cC\u00f4ng an v\u00e0\nQu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ef1u Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n\nTr\u1ecdng V\u0129nh ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: con giun x\u00e9o l\u1eafm ph\u1ea3i qu\u1eb1n. C\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0n\n\u00e1p th\u00ec ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m\nso\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf cam ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7m c\u1edd khi\u00eang ki\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ea1i\n\u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng an Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean mang\ntrong ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft sinh ra sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong c\u1ea3nh\n\u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f3c cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o b\u1ecb h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Trung C\u1ed9ng b\u1eafn th\u1ee7ng\nng\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i tim \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft h\u1eddn c\u0103m khi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o nhu\u1ed9m b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\ncha n\u1eb1m \u0111ang trong tay gi\u1eb7c, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7\nquy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng canh gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7\ncho c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean trung \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 cao sang x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u\nnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng Trung C\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba qua, tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n\ngi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1\nqu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n\nch\u1ee7 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u00e0o\nkh\u00e1c. T\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00e2m m\u01b0u b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Trung C\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0\nc\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf ra ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. D\u00e2n\nch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a\nb\u00ecnh\u201d,<\/em> m\u1ed9t \u201c\u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do\n\u0111i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1\nquan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7\nng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u00e9 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t\nNam c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u00e9 ng\u00e3 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n\nlo\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1t b\u00faa c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1\nLinh hay nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc k\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean Hungary khi c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi\n\u00c1o Hung, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc,\nth\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 tan v\u1ee1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u1ea7n Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa<\/a>, Vi\u1ec7n T\u1eeb\n\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 B\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Archie Brown, The raise and fall of communism, <\/em>HarperCollins\nPublishers, <\/em>2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n China Heritage Quarterly<\/em>, The Australian National\nUniversity, No. 18, June 2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ho\u00e0ng T\u00f9ng, Nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 B\u00e1c H\u1ed3<\/a>,\nDienDan.org<\/p>\n\n\n\n New Evidence on the Cold War in Asia<\/em>, Cold War\nInternational History Project Bullentin, issue 12\/13, Wilson Center <\/p>\n\n\n\n Susab L. Shirk, China Fragil Superpower<\/em>, Oxford\nUniversity Press, 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 hung b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\nlo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/a>, tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mao trong Marxists.org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Cambodia genocide Propject, 1994-2011, Yale\nUninversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n U.S.-Vietnam Relations in 2011: Current Issues and\nImplications for U.S. Policy, Mark E. Manyin Specialist in Asian Affairs,\nCongressional Research Service 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nikita S. Khrushchev, Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U<\/a>.\nMarxists.org<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vietnam celebrates a less Marxist Ho on birthday M&G\nNews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khmer Rouge ‘Brother Number Two’\ndefends regime that killed two million<\/a>, Telegraph, 08 December 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ed7 Ch\u00ed & Ph\u1ea1m Quang Di\u1ec7u, Kinh T\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t NamT\u1eeb\n\u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\n\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\nT\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi Kinh T\u1ebf manh nha t\u1eeb 1983, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh\ns\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n VI\nc\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1986. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn\nc\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc\nth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u201cc\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a-hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a\u201d. M\u1eb7c\nd\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i\nVI \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u0169 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng, V\u00f5 Ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ed7 M\u01b0\u1eddi,\n\u0110\u1ed3ng S\u1ef9 Nguy\u00ean, Mai Ch\u00ed Th\u1ecd, v.v\u2026Trong s\u1ed1 13 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Tr\u1ea7n\nXu\u00e2n B\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Gorbachev trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i\nti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh song song v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\nCSVN t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n