<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS tham nh\u0169ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cT\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u2013 \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u2013 ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00fd lu\u1eadn (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n (phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n).\u201d (T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u00e2y D\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 8, 2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 CS m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng CS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cChuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\u201d, \u201cn\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CS \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d, \u201cvai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CS trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d v.v.. l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng CS v\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf CS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cT\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u1ebb ra \u201ct\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng tham nh\u0169ng th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u201ct\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng tham nh\u0169ng th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf khi n\u00e0o \u201ct\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh\u201d c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa \u201cchuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctham nh\u0169ng\u201d, v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra li\u1ec7u tham nh\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang theo quy lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a theo \u201cc\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng CS v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1u CS t\u1eeb LX cho t\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Craig R. Whitney, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 B\u00fat c\u1ee7a New York Times, khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean New York Times ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 5, 1978, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tham nh\u0169ng tr\u00e0n lan, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 n\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3n h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang.\u201d (The New York Times, In Soviet, Widespread Practice of Bribery Helps One Get a Car, Get an Apartment and Get Ahead, May 7, 1978)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lenin xem tham nh\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham nh\u0169ng. N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Nikita S. Khrushchev c\u0169ng th\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00ecm ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdn trong tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n sinh s\u00e1t, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ebd tham \u00f4, s\u1ebd tham nh\u0169ng, s\u1ebd b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2ng tham v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 m\u1ec1m l\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1m d\u1ed7. Tham nh\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00e1c ch\u0103ng, tham nh\u0169ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tham c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u00dd Silvio Berlusconi can t\u1ed9i h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a \u00dd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Nicolas Sarkozy can t\u1ed9i h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 quan t\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u0169 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng (check and balance) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n qua c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c trong s\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc CS kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu tham nh\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh tr\u1eebng \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Stalin, th\u1eddi Leonid Brezhnev (1964\u20131982) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 CS chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i LX nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tham nh\u0169ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p di\u1ec5n ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Nikita Khrushchev, Brezhnev \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trung \u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n t\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed\u201d (nomenklatyra) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng xa hoa gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang suy tho\u00e1i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau khi Leonid Brezhnev ch\u1ebft (1982), m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a Uzbekistan \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 6.5 t\u1ef7 dollar theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 1988 v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o CS trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Brezhnev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi hung th\u1ea7n Brezhnev c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c bao che. T\u1edd Pravda d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a Gorbachev cho r\u1eb1ng tham nh\u0169ng t\u1ea1i LX \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a. (Soviet Uncover Massive Corruption : Billions Lost in Uzbekistan Case Involving Brezhnev Kin, L.A. Times, Jan. 24, 1988)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Tranh L\u1ea1nh, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng tham nh\u0169ng th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t\u201d c\u1ee7a LX l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gia M\u1ef9. L\u00fd do, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 bi\u1ebft tham nh\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ba Lan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc CS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 SOV 8510145X v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u201cThe Soviet Anticorruption Campaign: Causes, Consequences, And Prospects\u201d c\u1ee7a CIA v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8, 1985 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a n\u0103m 2014 cho bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i Ba Lan ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc CS Ba Lan. (General CIA Records, Publication Date: August 1, 1985)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hung th\u1ea7n Yuri Andropov c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Yuri Andropov, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Budapest\u201d v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a y trong v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1ea1i Hungary 1956, M\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc 1968 v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c KGB t\u1eeb 1967 \u0111\u1ebfn 1982, khi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed Th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng CSLX \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf t\u00f9 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00ec t\u1ed9i tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Andropov ch\u1ebft, Konstantin Chernenko l\u00ean thay v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Andropov nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trong s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Governmental transparency) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a The Encyclopedia of American Politics, minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Governmental transparency) l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f4ng khai, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do, minh b\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Minh b\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n quy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 g\u1ed3m (1) c\u00f4ng khai, (2) tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 (3) th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ba h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng minh b\u1ea1ch trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 g\u1ed3m (1) th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ecb b\u01b0ng b\u00edt, (2) l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 (3) tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CSVN hi\u1ec7n nay, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo l\u1ed1i tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ecdn \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d cho ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3\u201d cho ba h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1eed l\u01b0\u1edbt qua t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1i v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc CS \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4. L\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o CS cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean X\u00f4, h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft, Mikhail Gorbachev bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Soviet d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9, h\u01a1n 70 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng CS \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf Nga, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ed1t h\u1ebft 300 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong 15 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mu\u1ed1n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea3ng CS ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Glasnost (C\u1edfi m\u1edf) m\u00e0 Gorbachev ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 minh b\u1ea1ch trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gorbachev ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Gorbachev \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i, ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Minh B\u1ea1ch<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ecdc b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung C\u1ed9ng sau y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ban cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01a1m \u00e1o nh\u01b0ng si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng hai ng\u00e0n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung C\u1ed9ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng internet ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p. C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Facebook, Twitter hay Youtube b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n. M\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin ra ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u do \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n L\u00e1 ch\u1eafn V\u00e0ng (Golden Shield Project) thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 An ninh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin, B\u1ed9 An ninh Trung C\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh m\u1ea1ng kho\u1ea3ng 2 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn g\u1edfi ri\u00eang cho b\u00e1o New York Times ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 6, 2015, B\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed3ng (Bao Tong), c\u1ef1u Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ban C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng CSTQ v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Th\u01b0 k\u00fd ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cl\u00e0m gi\u00e0u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tham nh\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 di h\u1ecda cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda do c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2015, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd minh b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd T\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thanh tr\u1eebng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng minh b\u1ea1ch trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trung C\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hay c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd Trung C\u1ed9ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. L\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng minh b\u1ea1ch trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CSVN v\u00e0 Minh B\u1ea1ch<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CSVN, v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt Trung C\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1i nu\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi, vui m\u1eebng khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 tham nh\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0o t\u00f9 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00e1c l\u00ean thay v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd v\u00e0o t\u00f9. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00fac m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS l\u00e0 s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u1edf t\u00f9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u dollar h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1eddi to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau th\u00ec h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf LX tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y hay TC v\u00e0 CSVN hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctham nh\u0169ng th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t\u201d c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 vui m\u1eebng v\u00ec h\u00fat m\u00e1u d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1ed9i h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0110inh La Th\u0103ng, T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh Cang, Chu Ng\u1ecdc Anh, Nguy\u1ec5n Thanh Long v.v.. m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf CS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ngay c\u1ea3 c\u1ef1u TBT \u0111\u1ea3ng CS L\u00ea Kh\u1ea3 Phi\u00eau c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn khi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u201cTham nh\u0169ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 do c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d (T\u00ecm l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng tin \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4 Th\u1ecb, 27 th\u00e1ng 11, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb CS \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafc thang cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 CS leo l\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i danh v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed9i s\u00f4ng, l\u1ed9i su\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1o \u1ea5m m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tham nh\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c \u0103n s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u1ea7n Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
D\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS tham nh\u0169ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u201cT\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6154,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tieu-luan-chinh-tri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6153","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6153"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6156,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6153\/revisions\/6156"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6154"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6153"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.trantrungdao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}